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پیاپی 19 (زمستان 1392)

The essence of designation is conventional (Etebari) and promulgative (Jali), but the outcome of promulgation (Jal) is genetic relation between utterance and meaning, either in symbolical form like who study another language and aware of using utterance and meaning simultaneously on the usage and being one of them sign of the other, or in substitutional (tanzil) form like designation (Wad') and usage. This article discusses about the quality of emergence of language and designation (Wad') in naturalistic manner and based on that it is explored the emergence of kinds of designation (Wad'). I think designation (Wad') of prepositions is a special kind of manner that "both of designation (Wad') and designated-for are special". I have named it "designation (Wad') is special and designated-for (Modu' Lah) is similar meaning for the special.

Although the major part of the science of Usul is about the nature of probativeness and rules of assurance, supposition (Zann) and doubt, but it seems discussions about "confidence" is not talk about in detail, While the discussion about probativity of confidence and its different dimensions are very useful. This paper discuses different dimensions of confidence in six parts. I think confidence is probative and its probativity is not just due to some cases as praying and etc.; because in these cases conducts of reasonable people is rejected. Also in this paper trinal arguments are presented for probativity of confidence.

One of the divisions of preliminary of obligation is its division to internal and external preliminary. There are challenges between Usuli researchers, whether according to divine law internal preliminaries are obligated or not as preliminary of obligation. Most of them say no. Because they believe these parts dont require obligated preliminary and if they have requirement of obligation, there is obstacle. Its obstacle is the co-existence of equivalences in one thing. On the contrary, some of Usuli researchers like Sheikh Ansari and Imam Khomeini accepted the existence of the both requirement of obligation and absence of obstacle and consequently internal preliminaries are the subject of discussion of preliminary of obligation. This article accepts that the Obligation of the parts of obligated is not for themselves.

The principle of dependency of arguments (Ahkam) from criteria is criticized for its deficiency because there are many arguments according to divine law that violate it. It seems that some of these arguments, whether don’t have any criteria, or in some cases there are interests and corruptions but promulgation of these arguments are impossible. There are many answers for this question as: promulgation of these arguments has interests in themselves. In addition it is possible for the criterion to be the part of causality of promulgation of these arguments.